二进制文件

二进制文件

从源代码到可执行文件

编译原理

编译器：

读入以某种语言 ( 源语言 ) 编写的程序，，输出等价的另一种语言 ( 目标语言 )另一种语言编写的程序

分为前端和后端

前端与机器无关，其功能是把源程序分解成组成要素和相应的语法结构，通过这个结构创建源程序的中间表示，同时收集与源程序相关的信息，存放到符号表里面

后端与机器相关，其功能是根据中间表示和符号表信息构造目标程序。

编译过程

编译过程 [ 1 ] 词法分析

读入程序字符流，输出有意义的词素

编译过程 [ 2 ] 语法分析

根据各个词法单元的第一个分量创造树型的中间表达式，检测源程序是否满足语言定义的语义约束，同时收集同类型信息

编译过程 [ 3 ] 语义分析

使用语法树和符号表中的信息，检测源程序是否满足语言定义的语义约束，同时收集类型信息，用于代码生成，类型检测和类型转换

编译过程 [ 4 ] 中间代码的生成和优化

根据语义分析输出，生成类机械语言的中间表示，如三地址码。然后对生成的中间代码进行分析和优化

编译过程 [ 5 ] 代码的生成和优化

把中间表示形式映射到目标机器语言

编译过程图解：

image-20250401195100232

GCC编译过程

主要包括四个阶段：”预处理”,”编译”,”汇编”,”链接”

该过程主要用到三个工具：cc1 , as , collect2

cc1是编译器，对应第一阶段和第二阶段，用于将源文件 file.c 转为 file.s

as是汇编器，对应第三阶段，用于将 file.s 汇编为 file.o目标文件

collect2是对ld命令的封装，用于将C语言运行时库中的文件以及所需要动态链接库链接到可执行hello

预处理阶段

主要是处理源代码中以“#”开始的预处理指令，比如“#include”，“#define”等，将其转换后直接插入程序文本中，得到另一个以.i为扩展名的C程序

编译阶段

将预处理文件惊醒一系列的词法分析，语法分析，语义分析及优化，最终生成汇编代码，file.s文件

汇编阶段

汇编器根据汇编指令与机械指令的对照表进行翻译，将 file.s 汇编成目标文件 file.o ，这时的 file.o 是一个可重定位文件

用objdump查看内容会发现，由于此时还未进行连接，对象文件中符号的虚拟地址无法确定。

链接阶段

GCC默认使用动态链接，可以添加编译选项“ -static ”即可指定使用静态链接，操作完后可以再objdump查看，可以看到，链接操作以后，对象文件中无法确定的符号地址已经被修改成了实际的符号地址。

GCC编译过程实验

源码：

1
2
3
4
5
#include<stdio.h>

int main(){
        printf("hello,world\n");
}

编译操作：

1
briteny@localhost:/mnt/d/scr1w/test$ gcc hello.c -o hello -save-temps --verbose

-save-temps：保留生成的中间文件

–verbose：用于查看编译流程

编译流程

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=gcc
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/libexec/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/lto-wrapper
OFFLOAD_TARGET_NAMES=nvptx-none:amdgcn-amdhsa
OFFLOAD_TARGET_DEFAULT=1
Target: x86_64-linux-gnu
Configured with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Ubuntu 13.3.0-6ubuntu2~24.04' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-13/README.Bugs --enable-languages=c,ada,c++,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++,m2 --prefix=/usr --with-gcc-major-version-only --program-suffix=-13 --program-prefix=x86_64-linux-gnu- --enable-shared --enable-linker-build-id --libexecdir=/usr/libexec --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --libdir=/usr/lib --enable-nls --enable-bootstrap --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new --enable-libstdcxx-backtrace --enable-gnu-unique-object --disable-vtable-verify --enable-plugin --enable-default-pie --with-system-zlib --enable-libphobos-checking=release --with-target-system-zlib=auto --enable-objc-gc=auto --enable-multiarch --disable-werror --enable-cet --with-arch-32=i686 --with-abi=m64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --enable-multilib --with-tune=generic --enable-offload-targets=nvptx-none=/build/gcc-13-fG75Ri/gcc-13-13.3.0/debian/tmp-nvptx/usr,amdgcn-amdhsa=/build/gcc-13-fG75Ri/gcc-13-13.3.0/debian/tmp-gcn/usr --enable-offload-defaulted --without-cuda-driver --enable-checking=release --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-build-config=bootstrap-lto-lean --enable-link-serialization=2
Thread model: posix
Supported LTO compression algorithms: zlib zstd
gcc version 13.3.0 (Ubuntu 13.3.0-6ubuntu2~24.04)
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-o' 'hello' '-save-temps' '-v' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'
 /usr/libexec/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/cc1 -E -quiet -v -imultiarch x86_64-linux-gnu hello.c -mtune=generic -march=x86-64 -fpch-preprocess -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Wformat-security -fstack-clash-protection -fcf-protection -o hello.i
ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/local/include/x86_64-linux-gnu"
ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/include-fixed/x86_64-linux-gnu"
ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/include-fixed"
ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/../../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/include"
#include "..." search starts here:
#include <...> search starts here:
 /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/include
 /usr/local/include
 /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu
 /usr/include
End of search list.
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-o' 'hello' '-save-temps' '-v' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'
 /usr/libexec/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/cc1 -fpreprocessed hello.i -quiet -dumpbase hello.c -dumpbase-ext .c -mtune=generic -march=x86-64 -version -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Wformat-security -fstack-clash-protection -fcf-protection -o hello.s
GNU C17 (Ubuntu 13.3.0-6ubuntu2~24.04) version 13.3.0 (x86_64-linux-gnu)
        compiled by GNU C version 13.3.0, GMP version 6.3.0, MPFR version 4.2.1, MPC version 1.3.1, isl version isl-0.26-GMP

GGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=100 --param ggc-min-heapsize=131072
Compiler executable checksum: 38987c28e967c64056a6454abdef726e
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-o' 'hello' '-save-temps' '-v' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'
 as -v --64 -o hello.o hello.s
GNU assembler version 2.42 (x86_64-linux-gnu) using BFD version (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.42
COMPILER_PATH=/usr/libexec/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/:/usr/libexec/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/:/usr/libexec/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/
LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/../../../../lib/:/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/lib/../lib/:/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/../lib/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/../../../:/lib/:/usr/lib/
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-o' 'hello' '-save-temps' '-v' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64' '-dumpdir' 'hello.'
 /usr/libexec/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/collect2 -plugin /usr/libexec/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/liblto_plugin.so -plugin-opt=/usr/libexec/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/lto-wrapper -plugin-opt=-fresolution=hello.res -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_s -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_s --build-id --eh-frame-hdr -m elf_x86_64 --hash-style=gnu --as-needed -dynamic-linker /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 -pie -z now -z relro -o hello /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/Scrt1.o /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crti.o /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/crtbeginS.o -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13 -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/../../../../lib -L/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -L/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/../../.. hello.o -lgcc --push-state --as-needed -lgcc_s --pop-state -lc -lgcc --push-state --as-needed -lgcc_s --pop-state /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/crtendS.o /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crtn.o
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-o' 'hello' '-save-temps' '-v' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64' '-dumpdir' 'hello.'

这个时候存在多个文件：

1
hello  hello.c  hello.i  hello.o  hello.s

随后我们单独实验每一步：

预处理阶段：

加‘ -E ’选项可以单独进行预处理

1
briteny@localhost:/mnt/d/scr1w/test$ gcc -E hello.c -o hello.i

hello的内容有点奇怪，感兴趣自己研究吧，我再此只做简单介绍,可以直接看最后一部分，我感觉我也没太深究。

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
# 0 "hello.c"
# 0 "<built-in>"
# 0 "<command-line>"
# 1 "/usr/include/stdc-predef.h" 1 3 4
# 0 "<command-line>" 2
# 1 "hello.c"
# 1 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 1 3 4
# 28 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/libc-header-start.h" 1 3 4
# 33 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/libc-header-start.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/features.h" 1 3 4
# 394 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/features-time64.h" 1 3 4
# 20 "/usr/include/features-time64.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4
# 21 "/usr/include/features-time64.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/timesize.h" 1 3 4
# 19 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/timesize.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4
# 20 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/timesize.h" 2 3 4
# 22 "/usr/include/features-time64.h" 2 3 4
# 395 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4
# 502 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/cdefs.h" 1 3 4
# 576 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/cdefs.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4
# 577 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/cdefs.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/long-double.h" 1 3 4
# 578 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/cdefs.h" 2 3 4
# 503 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4
# 526 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs.h" 1 3 4
# 10 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs-64.h" 1 3 4
# 11 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs.h" 2 3 4
# 527 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4
# 34 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/libc-header-start.h" 2 3 4
# 29 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4





# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4
# 214 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/include/stddef.h" 3 4

# 214 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/include/stddef.h" 3 4
typedef long unsigned int size_t;
# 35 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4


# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/include/stdarg.h" 1 3 4
# 40 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/13/include/stdarg.h" 3 4
typedef __builtin_va_list __gnuc_va_list;
# 38 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 1 3 4
# 27 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4
# 28 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/timesize.h" 1 3 4
# 19 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/timesize.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4
# 20 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/timesize.h" 2 3 4
# 29 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 2 3 4


typedef unsigned char __u_char;
typedef unsigned short int __u_short;
typedef unsigned int __u_int;
typedef unsigned long int __u_long;


typedef signed char __int8_t;
typedef unsigned char __uint8_t;
typedef signed short int __int16_t;
typedef unsigned short int __uint16_t;
typedef signed int __int32_t;
typedef unsigned int __uint32_t;

typedef signed long int __int64_t;
typedef unsigned long int __uint64_t;






typedef __int8_t __int_least8_t;
typedef __uint8_t __uint_least8_t;
typedef __int16_t __int_least16_t;
typedef __uint16_t __uint_least16_t;
typedef __int32_t __int_least32_t;
typedef __uint32_t __uint_least32_t;
typedef __int64_t __int_least64_t;
typedef __uint64_t __uint_least64_t;



typedef long int __quad_t;
typedef unsigned long int __u_quad_t;







typedef long int __intmax_t;
typedef unsigned long int __uintmax_t;
# 141 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/typesizes.h" 1 3 4
# 142 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/time64.h" 1 3 4
# 143 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 2 3 4


typedef unsigned long int __dev_t;
typedef unsigned int __uid_t;
typedef unsigned int __gid_t;
typedef unsigned long int __ino_t;
typedef unsigned long int __ino64_t;
typedef unsigned int __mode_t;
typedef unsigned long int __nlink_t;
typedef long int __off_t;
typedef long int __off64_t;
typedef int __pid_t;
typedef struct { int __val[2]; } __fsid_t;
typedef long int __clock_t;
typedef unsigned long int __rlim_t;
typedef unsigned long int __rlim64_t;
typedef unsigned int __id_t;
typedef long int __time_t;
typedef unsigned int __useconds_t;
typedef long int __suseconds_t;
typedef long int __suseconds64_t;

typedef int __daddr_t;
typedef int __key_t;


typedef int __clockid_t;


typedef void * __timer_t;


typedef long int __blksize_t;




typedef long int __blkcnt_t;
typedef long int __blkcnt64_t;


typedef unsigned long int __fsblkcnt_t;
typedef unsigned long int __fsblkcnt64_t;


typedef unsigned long int __fsfilcnt_t;
typedef unsigned long int __fsfilcnt64_t;


typedef long int __fsword_t;

typedef long int __ssize_t;


typedef long int __syscall_slong_t;

typedef unsigned long int __syscall_ulong_t;



typedef __off64_t __loff_t;
typedef char *__caddr_t;


typedef long int __intptr_t;


typedef unsigned int __socklen_t;




typedef int __sig_atomic_t;
# 40 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/__fpos_t.h" 1 3 4




# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/__mbstate_t.h" 1 3 4
# 13 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/__mbstate_t.h" 3 4
typedef struct
{
  int __count;
  union
  {
    unsigned int __wch;
    char __wchb[4];
  } __value;
} __mbstate_t;
# 6 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/__fpos_t.h" 2 3 4




typedef struct _G_fpos_t
{
  __off_t __pos;
  __mbstate_t __state;
} __fpos_t;
# 41 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/__fpos64_t.h" 1 3 4
# 10 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/__fpos64_t.h" 3 4
typedef struct _G_fpos64_t
{
  __off64_t __pos;
  __mbstate_t __state;
} __fpos64_t;
# 42 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/__FILE.h" 1 3 4



struct _IO_FILE;
typedef struct _IO_FILE __FILE;
# 43 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/FILE.h" 1 3 4



struct _IO_FILE;


typedef struct _IO_FILE FILE;
# 44 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/struct_FILE.h" 1 3 4
# 35 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/struct_FILE.h" 3 4
struct _IO_FILE;
struct _IO_marker;
struct _IO_codecvt;
struct _IO_wide_data;




typedef void _IO_lock_t;





struct _IO_FILE
{
  int _flags;


  char *_IO_read_ptr;
  char *_IO_read_end;
  char *_IO_read_base;
  char *_IO_write_base;
  char *_IO_write_ptr;
  char *_IO_write_end;
  char *_IO_buf_base;
  char *_IO_buf_end;


  char *_IO_save_base;
  char *_IO_backup_base;
  char *_IO_save_end;

  struct _IO_marker *_markers;

  struct _IO_FILE *_chain;

  int _fileno;
  int _flags2;
  __off_t _old_offset;


  unsigned short _cur_column;
  signed char _vtable_offset;
  char _shortbuf[1];

  _IO_lock_t *_lock;







  __off64_t _offset;

  struct _IO_codecvt *_codecvt;
  struct _IO_wide_data *_wide_data;
  struct _IO_FILE *_freeres_list;
  void *_freeres_buf;
  size_t __pad5;
  int _mode;

  char _unused2[15 * sizeof (int) - 4 * sizeof (void *) - sizeof (size_t)];
};
# 45 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4


# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/cookie_io_functions_t.h" 1 3 4
# 27 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/cookie_io_functions_t.h" 3 4
typedef __ssize_t cookie_read_function_t (void *__cookie, char *__buf,
                                          size_t __nbytes);







typedef __ssize_t cookie_write_function_t (void *__cookie, const char *__buf,
                                           size_t __nbytes);







typedef int cookie_seek_function_t (void *__cookie, __off64_t *__pos, int __w);


typedef int cookie_close_function_t (void *__cookie);






typedef struct _IO_cookie_io_functions_t
{
  cookie_read_function_t *read;
  cookie_write_function_t *write;
  cookie_seek_function_t *seek;
  cookie_close_function_t *close;
} cookie_io_functions_t;
# 48 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4





typedef __gnuc_va_list va_list;
# 64 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
typedef __off_t off_t;
# 78 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
typedef __ssize_t ssize_t;






typedef __fpos_t fpos_t;
# 129 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/stdio_lim.h" 1 3 4
# 130 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 149 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern FILE *stdin;
extern FILE *stdout;
extern FILE *stderr;






extern int remove (const char *__filename) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));

extern int rename (const char *__old, const char *__new) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));



extern int renameat (int __oldfd, const char *__old, int __newfd,
       const char *__new) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));
# 184 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fclose (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));
# 194 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern FILE *tmpfile (void)
  __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__ (fclose, 1))) ;
# 211 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern char *tmpnam (char[20]) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;




extern char *tmpnam_r (char __s[20]) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;
# 228 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern char *tempnam (const char *__dir, const char *__pfx)
   __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__ (__builtin_free, 1)));






extern int fflush (FILE *__stream);
# 245 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fflush_unlocked (FILE *__stream);
# 264 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern FILE *fopen (const char *__restrict __filename,
      const char *__restrict __modes)
  __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__ (fclose, 1))) ;




extern FILE *freopen (const char *__restrict __filename,
        const char *__restrict __modes,
        FILE *__restrict __stream) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3)));
# 299 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern FILE *fdopen (int __fd, const char *__modes) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__))
  __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__ (fclose, 1))) ;





extern FILE *fopencookie (void *__restrict __magic_cookie,
     const char *__restrict __modes,
     cookie_io_functions_t __io_funcs) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__))
  __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__ (fclose, 1))) ;




extern FILE *fmemopen (void *__s, size_t __len, const char *__modes)
  __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__ (fclose, 1))) ;




extern FILE *open_memstream (char **__bufloc, size_t *__sizeloc) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__))
  __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__ (fclose, 1))) ;
# 334 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern void setbuf (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__))
  __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));



extern int setvbuf (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf,
      int __modes, size_t __n) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));




extern void setbuffer (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf,
         size_t __size) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));


extern void setlinebuf (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));







extern int fprintf (FILE *__restrict __stream,
      const char *__restrict __format, ...) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));




extern int printf (const char *__restrict __format, ...);

extern int sprintf (char *__restrict __s,
      const char *__restrict __format, ...) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));





extern int vfprintf (FILE *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format,
       __gnuc_va_list __arg) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));




extern int vprintf (const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg);

extern int vsprintf (char *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format,
       __gnuc_va_list __arg) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));



extern int snprintf (char *__restrict __s, size_t __maxlen,
       const char *__restrict __format, ...)
     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 4)));

extern int vsnprintf (char *__restrict __s, size_t __maxlen,
        const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg)
     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 0)));





extern int vasprintf (char **__restrict __ptr, const char *__restrict __f,
        __gnuc_va_list __arg)
     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 0))) ;
extern int __asprintf (char **__restrict __ptr,
         const char *__restrict __fmt, ...)
     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3))) ;
extern int asprintf (char **__restrict __ptr,
       const char *__restrict __fmt, ...)
     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3))) ;




extern int vdprintf (int __fd, const char *__restrict __fmt,
       __gnuc_va_list __arg)
     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 0)));
extern int dprintf (int __fd, const char *__restrict __fmt, ...)
     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3)));







extern int fscanf (FILE *__restrict __stream,
     const char *__restrict __format, ...) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));




extern int scanf (const char *__restrict __format, ...) ;

extern int sscanf (const char *__restrict __s,
     const char *__restrict __format, ...) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));





# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/floatn.h" 1 3 4
# 119 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/floatn.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/floatn-common.h" 1 3 4
# 24 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/floatn-common.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/long-double.h" 1 3 4
# 25 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/floatn-common.h" 2 3 4
# 120 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/floatn.h" 2 3 4
# 438 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 463 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fscanf (FILE *__restrict __stream, const char *__restrict __format, ...) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_fscanf")

                                __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));
extern int scanf (const char *__restrict __format, ...) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_scanf")
                              ;
extern int sscanf (const char *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format, ...) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_sscanf") __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__))

                      ;
# 490 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int vfscanf (FILE *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format,
      __gnuc_va_list __arg)
     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));





extern int vscanf (const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg)
     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 1, 0))) ;


extern int vsscanf (const char *__restrict __s,
      const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg)
     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0)));
# 540 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int vfscanf (FILE *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_vfscanf")



     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));
extern int vscanf (const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_vscanf")

     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 1, 0))) ;
extern int vsscanf (const char *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_vsscanf") __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__))



     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0)));
# 575 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fgetc (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));
extern int getc (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));





extern int getchar (void);






extern int getc_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));
extern int getchar_unlocked (void);
# 600 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fgetc_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));
# 611 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fputc (int __c, FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)));
extern int putc (int __c, FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)));





extern int putchar (int __c);
# 627 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fputc_unlocked (int __c, FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)));







extern int putc_unlocked (int __c, FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)));
extern int putchar_unlocked (int __c);






extern int getw (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));


extern int putw (int __w, FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)));







extern char *fgets (char *__restrict __s, int __n, FILE *__restrict __stream)
     __attribute__ ((__access__ (__write_only__, 1, 2))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3)));
# 694 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern __ssize_t __getdelim (char **__restrict __lineptr,
                             size_t *__restrict __n, int __delimiter,
                             FILE *__restrict __stream) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (4)));
extern __ssize_t getdelim (char **__restrict __lineptr,
                           size_t *__restrict __n, int __delimiter,
                           FILE *__restrict __stream) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (4)));







extern __ssize_t getline (char **__restrict __lineptr,
                          size_t *__restrict __n,
                          FILE *__restrict __stream) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3)));







extern int fputs (const char *__restrict __s, FILE *__restrict __stream)
  __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)));





extern int puts (const char *__s);






extern int ungetc (int __c, FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)));






extern size_t fread (void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,
       size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream)
  __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (4)));




extern size_t fwrite (const void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,
        size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __s) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (4)));
# 766 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern size_t fread_unlocked (void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,
         size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream)
  __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (4)));
extern size_t fwrite_unlocked (const void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,
          size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream)
  __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (4)));







extern int fseek (FILE *__stream, long int __off, int __whence)
  __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));




extern long int ftell (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));




extern void rewind (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));
# 803 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fseeko (FILE *__stream, __off_t __off, int __whence)
  __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));




extern __off_t ftello (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));
# 829 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fgetpos (FILE *__restrict __stream, fpos_t *__restrict __pos)
  __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));




extern int fsetpos (FILE *__stream, const fpos_t *__pos) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));
# 860 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern void clearerr (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));

extern int feof (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));

extern int ferror (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));



extern void clearerr_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));
extern int feof_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));
extern int ferror_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));







extern void perror (const char *__s) __attribute__ ((__cold__));




extern int fileno (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));




extern int fileno_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));
# 897 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int pclose (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));





extern FILE *popen (const char *__command, const char *__modes)
  __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__ (pclose, 1))) ;






extern char *ctermid (char *__s) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__))
  __attribute__ ((__access__ (__write_only__, 1)));
# 941 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern void flockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));



extern int ftrylockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));


extern void funlockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));
# 959 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int __uflow (FILE *);
extern int __overflow (FILE *, int);
# 983 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

# 2 "hello.c" 2


# 3 "hello.c"
int main(){
 printf("hello,world\n");
}

编译阶段

1
briteny@localhost:/mnt/d/scr1w/test$ gcc -S hello.c -o hello.s

添加-S选项操作对象可以是源码hello.c,也可以是hello.i

1
briteny@localhost:/mnt/d/scr1w/test$ gcc -S hello.i -o hello.s -masm=intel -fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables

添加编译选项-masm=intel，指定生成为我们熟悉的intel格式，-fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables,生成没有cfi宏的汇编指令，提高代码可读性

hello.s

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
        .file   "hello.c"
        .intel_syntax noprefix
        .text
        .section        .rodata
.LC0:
        .string "hello,world"
        .text
        .globl  main
        .type   main, @function
main:
        endbr64
        push    rbp
        mov     rbp, rsp
        lea     rax, .LC0[rip]
        mov     rdi, rax
        call    puts@PLT
        mov     eax, 0
        pop     rbp
        ret
        .size   main, .-main
        .ident  "GCC: (Ubuntu 13.3.0-6ubuntu2~24.04) 13.3.0"
        .section        .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits
        .section        .note.gnu.property,"a"
        .align 8
        .long   1f - 0f
        .long   4f - 1f
        .long   5
0:
        .string "GNU"
1:
        .align 8
        .long   0xc0000002
        .long   3f - 2f
2:
        .long   0x3
3:
        .align 8
4:

可以看到printf()被改成了puts，这是因为当printf()只有单一参数时，与puts类似，GCC的优化策略就将其替换以提高性能

汇编阶段

1
briteny@localhost:/mnt/d/scr1w/test$ gcc -c hello.s -o hello.o

生成目标文件 hello.o 一个可重定位文件，用objdump查看其内容：

1
briteny@localhost:/mnt/d/scr1w/test$ objdump -sd hello.o -M intel
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

hello.o:     file format elf64-x86-64

Contents of section .text:
 0000 f30f1efa 554889e5 488d0500 00000048  ....UH..H......H
 0010 89c7e800 000000b8 00000000 5dc3      ............].
Contents of section .rodata:
 0000 68656c6c 6f2c776f 726c6400           hello,world.
Contents of section .comment:
 0000 00474343 3a202855 62756e74 75203133  .GCC: (Ubuntu 13
 0010 2e332e30 2d367562 756e7475 327e3234  .3.0-6ubuntu2~24
 0020 2e303429 2031332e 332e3000           .04) 13.3.0.
Contents of section .note.gnu.property:
 0000 04000000 10000000 05000000 474e5500  ............GNU.
 0010 020000c0 04000000 03000000 00000000  ................

Disassembly of section .text:

0000000000000000 <main>:
   0:   f3 0f 1e fa             endbr64
   4:   55                      push   rbp
   5:   48 89 e5                mov    rbp,rsp
   8:   48 8d 05 00 00 00 00    lea    rax,[rip+0x0]        # f <main+0xf>
   f:   48 89 c7                mov    rdi,rax
  12:   e8 00 00 00 00          call   17 <main+0x17>
  17:   b8 00 00 00 00          mov    eax,0x0
  1c:   5d                      pop    rbp
  1d:   c3                      ret

由于此时未链接，对象文件中符号的虚拟地址无法确定

链接阶段

1
briteny@localhost:/mnt/d/scr1w/test$ gcc hello.o -o hello -static

这样我们就得到了一个静态可执行文件，其中含有较多的库文件，所以就不展示，感兴趣使用objump查看即可

1
briteny@localhost:/mnt/d/scr1w/test$ objdump -sd hello -M intel

此时的符号地址已经修改为实际的地址了

CTF_PWN > blog_learning
二进制文件
http://example.com/二进制文件/
作者
briteny-pwn
发布于
2025年3月31日
许可协议